Log Base 2 Calculator. The log to the base 2 is called as binary logarithm. Binary logarithm of value a is the power x raised to number 2. I.e., log 2 a = x where 2 x = a. Find the base 2 logarithm of value using this calculator. This logarithm is generally used in bioinformatics, computer science, photography and other fields. R-2.8.0 for Windows. This directory contains a Windows binary distribution of R-2.8.0 (r46754). In this directory. Instant free online tool for base-10 to base-8 conversion or vice versa. The base-10 to base-8 conversion table and conversion steps are also listed. Also, explore tools to convert base-10 or base-8 to other numbers units or learn more about numbers conversions.
Numeral systems |
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Hindu–Arabic numeral system |
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Positional systems by base |
Non-standard positional numeral systems |
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List of numeral systems |
Quaternary is the base-4numeral system. It uses the digits 0, 1, 2 and 3 to represent any real number.
Four is the largest number within the subitizing range and one of two numbers that is both a square and a highly composite number (the other being 36), making quaternary a convenient choice for a base at this scale. Despite being twice as large, its radix economy is equal to that of binary. However, it fares no better in the localization of prime numbers (the smallest better base being the primorial base six, senary).
Quaternary shares with all fixed-radix numeral systems many properties, such as the ability to represent any real number with a canonical representation (almost unique) and the characteristics of the representations of rational numbers and irrational numbers. Elements for iwork 2 0 download free. See decimal and binary for a discussion of these properties.
Relation to other positional number systems[edit]
Decimal | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quaternary | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | |
Octal | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | |
Hexadecimal | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
Binary | 0 | 1 | 10 | 11 | 100 | 101 | 110 | 111 | 1000 | 1001 | 1010 | 1011 | 1100 | 1101 | 1110 | 1111 | |
Decimal | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
Quaternary | 100 | 101 | 102 | 103 | 110 | 111 | 112 | 113 | 120 | 121 | 122 | 123 | 130 | 131 | 132 | 133 | |
Octal | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | |
Hexadecimal | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 1A | 1B | 1C | 1D | 1E | 1F | |
Binary | 10000 | 10001 | 10010 | 10011 | 10100 | 10101 | 10110 | 10111 | 11000 | 11001 | 11010 | 11011 | 11100 | 11101 | 11110 | 11111 | |
Decimal | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | |
Quaternary | 200 | 201 | 202 | 203 | 210 | 211 | 212 | 213 | 220 | 221 | 222 | 223 | 230 | 231 | 232 | 233 | |
Octal | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | |
Hexadecimal | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 2A | 2B | 2C | 2D | 2E | 2F | |
Binary | 100000 | 100001 | 100010 | 100011 | 100100 | 100101 | 100110 | 100111 | 101000 | 101001 | 101010 | 101011 | 101100 | 101101 | 101110 | 101111 | |
Decimal | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 |
Quaternary | 300 | 301 | 302 | 303 | 310 | 311 | 312 | 313 | 320 | 321 | 322 | 323 | 330 | 331 | 332 | 333 | 1000 |
Octal | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 100 |
Hexadecimal | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 3A | 3B | 3C | 3D | 3E | 3F | 40 |
Binary | 110000 | 110001 | 110010 | 110011 | 110100 | 110101 | 110110 | 110111 | 111000 | 111001 | 111010 | 111011 | 111100 | 111101 | 111110 | 111111 | 1000000 |
Relation to binary and hexadecimal[edit]
+ | 1 | 2 | 3 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 10 |
2 | 3 | 10 | 11 |
3 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
As with the octal and hexadecimal numeral systems, quaternary has a special relation to the binary numeral system. Each radix 4, 8 and 16 is a power of 2, so the conversion to and from binary is implemented by matching each digit with 2, 3 or 4 binary digits, or bits. For example, in base 4,
- 2302104 = 10 11 00 10 01 002.
Mini metro 1 0 19. Since 16 is a power of 4, conversion between these bases can be implemented by matching each hexadecimal digit with 2 quaternary digits. In the above example,
- 23 02 104 = B2416
Although octal and hexadecimal are widely used in computing and computer programming in the discussion and analysis of binary arithmetic and logic, quaternary does not enjoy the same status.
Although quaternary has limited practical use, it can be helpful if it is ever necessary to perform hexadecimal arithmetic without a calculator. Each hexadecimal digit can be turned into a pair of quaternary digits, and then arithmetic can be performed relatively easily before converting the end result back to hexadecimal. Quaternary is convenient for this purpose, since numbers have only half the digit length compared to binary, while still having very simple multiplication and addition tables with only three unique non-trivial elements.
× | 1 | 2 | 3 |
1 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
2 | 2 | 10 | 12 |
3 | 3 | 12 | 21 |
By analogy with byte and nybble, a quaternary digit is sometimes called a crumb.
Fractions[edit]
Axure rp 8 0 0 3297 download free. Due to having only factors of two, many quaternary fractions have repeating digits, although these tend to be fairly simple:
Decimal base Prime factors of the base: 2, 5 Prime factors of one below the base: 3 Prime factors of one above the base: 11 Other prime factors: 7 13 17 19 23 29 31 | Quaternary base Prime factors of the base: 2 Prime factors of one below the base: 3 Prime factors of one above the base: 11 Other prime factors: 13 23 31 101 103 113 131 133 | ||||
Fraction | Prime factors of the denominator | Positional representation | Positional representation | Prime factors of the denominator | Fraction |
1/2 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 2 | 1/2 |
1/3 | 3 | 0.3333.. = 0.3 | 0.1111.. = 0.1 | 3 | 1/3 |
1/4 | 2 | 0.25 | 0.1 | 2 | 1/10 |
1/5 | 5 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 11 | 1/11 |
1/6 | 2, 3 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 2, 3 | 1/12 |
1/7 | 7 | 0.142857 | 0.021 | 13 | 1/13 |
1/8 | 2 | 0.125 | 0.02 | 2 | 1/20 |
1/9 | 3 | 0.1 | 0.013 | 3 | 1/21 |
1/10 | 2, 5 | 0.1 | 0.012 | 2, 11 | 1/22 |
1/11 | 11 | 0.09 | 0.01131 | 23 | 1/23 |
1/12 | 2, 3 | 0.083 | 0.01 | 2, 3 | 1/30 |
1/13 | 13 | 0.076923 | 0.010323 | 31 | 1/31 |
1/14 | 2, 7 | 0.0714285 | 0.0102 | 2, 13 | 1/32 |
1/15 | 3, 5 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 3, 11 | 1/33 |
1/16 | 2 | 0.0625 | 0.01 | 2 | 1/100 |
1/17 | 17 | 0.0588235294117647 | 0.0033 | 101 | 1/101 |
1/18 | 2, 3 | 0.05 | 0.0032 | 2, 3 | 1/102 |
1/19 | 19 | 0.052631578947368421 | 0.003113211 | 103 | 1/103 |
1/20 | 2, 5 | 0.05 | 0.003 | 2, 11 | 1/110 |
1/21 | 3, 7 | 0.047619 | 0.003 | 3, 13 | 1/111 |
1/22 | 2, 11 | 0.045 | 0.002322 | 2, 23 | 1/112 |
1/23 | 23 | 0.0434782608695652173913 | 0.00230201121 | 113 | 1/113 |
1/24 | 2, 3 | 0.0416 | 0.002 | 2, 3 | 1/120 |
1/25 | 5 | 0.04 | 0.0022033113 | 11 | 1/121 |
1/26 | 2, 13 | 0.0384615 | 0.0021312 | 2, 31 | 1/122 |
1/27 | 3 | 0.037 | 0.002113231 | 3 | 1/123 |
1/28 | 2, 7 | 0.03571428 | 0.0021 | 2, 13 | 1/130 |
1/29 | 29 | 0.0344827586206896551724137931 | 0.00203103313023 | 131 | 1/131 |
1/30 | 2, 3, 5 | 0.03 | 0.002 | 2, 3, 11 | 1/132 |
1/31 | 31 | 0.032258064516129 | 0.00201 | 133 | 1/133 |
1/32 | 2 | 0.03125 | 0.002 | 2 | 1/200 |
1/33 | 3, 11 | 0.03 | 0.00133 | 3, 23 | 1/201 |
1/34 | 2, 17 | 0.02941176470588235 | 0.00132 | 2, 101 | 1/202 |
1/35 | 5, 7 | 0.0285714 | 0.001311 | 11, 13 | 1/203 |
1/36 | 2, 3 | 0.027 | 0.0013 | 2, 3 | 1/210 |
Occurrence in human languages[edit]
Many or all of the Chumashan languages originally used a base 4 counting system, in which the names for numbers were structured according to multiples of 4 and 16 (not 10). There is a surviving list of Ventureño language number words up to 32 written down by a Spanish priest ca. 1819.[1]
The Kharosthi numerals have a partial base 4 counting system from 1 to decimal 10.
Hilbert curves[edit]
Quaternary numbers are used in the representation of 2D Hilbert curves. Here a real number between 0 and 1 is converted into the quaternary system. Every single digit now indicates in which of the respective 4 sub-quadrants the number will be projected.
Genetics[edit]
Parallels can be drawn between quaternary numerals and the way genetic code is represented by DNA. The four DNA nucleotides in alphabetical order, abbreviated A, C, G and T, can be taken to represent the quaternary digits in numerical order 0, 1, 2, and 3. With this encoding, the complementary digit pairs 0↔3, and 1↔2 (binary 00↔11 and 01↔10) match the complementation of the base pairs: A↔T and C↔G and can be stored as data in DNA sequence.[2]
For example, the nucleotide sequence GATTACA can be represented by the quaternary number 2033010 (= decimal 9156 or binary 10 00 11 11 00 01 00).
Data transmission[edit]
Quaternary line codes have been used for transmission, from the invention of the telegraph to the 2B1Q code used in modern ISDN circuits.
The GDDR6X standard, developed by Nvidia and Micron uses quaternary bits to transmit data [3]
Computing[edit]
Base 2 4 8 X 8
Some computers have used quaternary floating point arithmetic including the Illinois ILLIAC II (1962)[4] and the Digital Field System DFS IV and DFS V high-resolution site survey systems.[5]
See also[edit]
- Moser–de Bruijn sequence, the numbers that have only 0 or 1 as their base-4 digits
References[edit]
- ^Beeler, Madison S. (1986). 'Chumashan Numerals'. In Closs, Michael P. (ed.). Native American Mathematics. ISBN0-292-75531-7.
- ^'Bacterial based storage and encryption device'(PDF). iGEM 2010: The Chinese University of Hong Kong. 2010. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2010-11-27.CS1 maint: location (link)
- ^https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/graphics-cards/30-series/
- ^Beebe, Nelson H. F. (2017-08-22). 'Chapter H. Historical floating-point architectures'. The Mathematical-Function Computation Handbook - Programming Using the MathCW Portable Software Library (1 ed.). Salt Lake City, UT, USA: Springer International Publishing AG. p. 948. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64110-2. ISBN978-3-319-64109-6. LCCN2017947446.
- ^Parkinson, Roger (2000-12-07). 'Chapter 2 - High resolution digital site survey systems - Chapter 2.1 - Digital field recording systems'. High Resolution Site Surveys (1 ed.). CRC Press. p. 24. ISBN978-0-20318604-6. ISBN0-20318604-4. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
[..] Systems such as the [Digital Field System] DFS IV and DFS V were quaternary floating-point systems and used gain steps of 12 dB. [..]
(256 pages)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quaternary numeral system. |
- Quaternary Base Conversion, includes fractional part, from Math Is Fun
- Base42 Proposes unique symbols for Quaternary and Hexadecimal digits
Base 24 Switch
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